Buy the Indigo® 68823W VSEPR Model Kit and build all four AX5 molecular geometries simultaneously. Get a hands-on grasp of trigonal bipyramidal shapes that no textbook diagram can match.
Understanding trigonal bipyramidal geometry can challenge spatial reasoning. The Indigo® 68823W VSEPR Model Kit has enough parts to build all four AX5 variants: trigonal bipyramidal, seesaw, T-shaped, and linear, at once. Turn an abstract progression into a physical, side-by-side comparison. Tutors can guide students through the full AX5 series by substituting bonding atoms with lone pairs. The black trigonal bipyramidal central atom accommodates both univalent peripheral atoms and lone pair paddles interchangeably, keeping the focus on geometry rather than identity. The two color lone pair paddles add a further layer of clarity. In the T-shaped and seesaw configurations, contrasting paddle colors make it immediately visible that both lone pairs occupy equatorial positions, an important spatial relationship difficult to convey on a flat page.
The Indigo® 68823W VSEPR Model Kit supports instruction in VSEPR theory, molecular geometry, electron pair repulsion, and hypervalent bonding across general chemistry and first-year university courses. It covers all AX5 electron geometries: AX5 trigonal bipyramidal (PF5, PCl5), AX4E seesaw (SF4), AX3E2 T-shaped (ClF3), and AX2E3 linear (XeF2). It is compatible with university chemistry curricula and hands-on molecular modelling activities and equally suited to lecture demonstration, small group tutorial, and independent study.
| Learning Outcome | Description |
|---|---|
| Identify Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry | Recognize five bonding domains arranged with 90° and 120° bond angles around a central atom. |
| Distinguish Axial and Equatorial Positions | Understand differences in bond orientation and repulsion strength in the AX5 shape. |
| Relate Geometry to Real Molecules | Apply VSEPR concepts to PF5, PCl5, and similar compounds. |
| Explore Lone Pair Effects | Investigate how one or more lone pairs lead to see-saw, T-shaped, or linear derivatives. |
| Connect Shape and Polarity | Predict how molecular symmetry affects dipole moments and polarity in related structures. |
Each of the four AX5 configurations produces measurably distinct bond angles. The fully bonded AX5 arrangement (PF5, PCl5), has equatorial bonds at exactly 120° and axial bonds at 90°. The axial bonds are slightly longer due to greater electron repulsion from the three equatorial neighbors.
Replacing one equatorial bonding atom with a lone pair to give the seesaw geometry of SF4 compresses the remaining equatorial bond angles to around 101o and the axial angles to approximately 87°. Lone pairs occupy more space than bonding pairs, and the model makes this visible.
In the T-shaped geometry of ClF3 (AX3E2), two equatorial lone pairs push the axial bonds inward to roughly 87.5°, a distortion with direct consequences for the molecule's reactivity as an aggressive fluorinating agent.
Finally, the linear geometry of XeF2 (AX2E3) places all three lone pairs equatorially and both bonding atoms axially, yielding a bond angle of exactly 180°. This invites a discussion as to why a noble gas forms stable bonds at all which connects VSEPR theory to broader concepts of formal charge and expanded octets.
Indigo Instruments has held inventory of genuine Cochranes of Oxford (Orbit) parts for 30+ years (See Skeletal (Orbit/Minit)). You can customize or replenish any model we have ever sold.
| P/N | Description | QTY |
|---|---|---|
| 68186-20 | Wobbly bond, 20mm, each | 50 |
| 68216C | Atom, Orbit, H "a", white, 1 prong | 30 |
| 68218C | Atom, Orbit, O "a", red, 1 prong | 20 |
| 68225C | Atom, Orbit, C "b", 180 degree, black | 1 |
| 68241C | Atom, Orbit, C "j", planar: 120-120-120, black | 2 |
| 68244C | Atom, Orbit, C "k", tetrahedral, black | 3 |
| 68258C | Atom, Orbit "l", octahedral, grey | 5 |
| 68259C | Atom, Orbit, C "m", trigonal bipyramidal, black | 4 |
| 68416C | Orbital for showing lone electron pair, white, Orbit style | 10 |
| 68417C | Orbital for showing lone electron pair, black, Orbit style | 10 |
The parts listed on this page are for the entire kit, not the molecules(s) shown. You can augment this geometry with additional pieces listed on the Orbit Components page.
It is a five-bonded (AX5) arrangement where three atoms form an equatorial triangle 120° apart and two occupy axial positions 90° above and below the plane.
Common examples include phosphorus pentafluoride (PF5) and phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5), where the central atom is surrounded by five bonding pairs and no lone pairs.
Replacing one or more bonds with lone pairs distorts the geometry into see-saw (AX4E), T-shaped (AX3E2), or linear (AX2E3) shapes.
When all five surrounding atoms are identical, the shape is symmetrical and nonpolar. If one or more atoms differ, polarity increases due to uneven charge distribution.